Titanium Dioxide: An Inquiry into the Mechanisms and Implications of Exposure in Gut Dysbiosis and Metabolic Disorders

Author(s)

• Meghan Gardiner, Liberty UniversityFollow

Publication Date

5-21-2026

School

School of Health Sciences

Major

Biology: Biomedical Sciences

Keywords

titanium dioxide, gut dysbiosis, gut microbiota, metabolic disease, nanoparticles, glucocorticoid signaling, insulin resistance

Disciplines

Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and Nutrition | Chemical and Pharmacologic Phenomena | Community Health and Preventive Medicine | Digestive, Oral, and Skin Physiology | Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism | Gastroenterology | Medical Biochemistry

Recommended Citation

Gardiner, Meghan, "Titanium Dioxide: An Inquiry into the Mechanisms and Implications of Exposure in Gut Dysbiosis and Metabolic Disorders" (2026). Senior Honors Theses. 1618.
https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/honors/1618

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is one of the most prevalent food additives utilized in commercial products in the United States. While TiO₂ was originally hailed as a nontoxic and cost-effective additive, studies are beginning to reveal that TiO₂ is not as safe as it once seemed. TiO₂ may contribute to the development of insulin resistance and metabolic disorders through direct and indirect mechanisms. The compound induces gut dysbiosis, leading to alterations in bacterial metabolites and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which results in the selective resistance of glucocorticoid receptors. Additionally, TiO₂ itself can translocate from the gut to metabolic organs, promoting insulin resistance. This multifaceted nature of TiO₂ toxicity has severe implications in the perpetuation of inflammation and the onset of disease.