Date

7-21-2026

Department

Graduate School of Business

Degree

Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)

Chair

Folly Somado-Hemazro

Keywords

Multinational enterprises, PESTLE analysis, East African Community, cross-cultural management, operational risk

Disciplines

Business

Abstract

This qualitative multiple-case study investigated the impact of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (PESTLE) factors on the structures, culture, and operational risks of multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating within the East African Community (EAC). Despite the recognized importance of macro-environmental analysis in international business research, limited empirical research had examined how PESTLE factors systematically shape operational risks in institutionally diverse and emerging markets. The study addressed the lack of a structured framework for evaluating these risks, which contributed to misalignment between host country conditions and organizational strategies. This study employed a pragmatic qualitative multiple-case study design, informed by research inquiries into exchange risks, cultural alignment, and the influence of PESTLE factors on organizational effectiveness. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were implemented to gather data from 12 participants, including business executives and industry professionals. Thematic analysis, triangulation, and iterative coding were employed to analyze the data. The results suggested that institutional instability, cultural differences, and infrastructural limitations were the most significant determinants of operational risk, followed by political and regulatory factors. Regulatory alignment, cultural intelligence, and regional integration were among the primary themes. The findings emphasized the need for adaptive, context-sensitive strategies and structured risk assessment frameworks to improve strategic alignment and sustainable performance in emerging markets.

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