Date

4-7-2026

Department

School of Behavioral Sciences

Degree

Doctor of Philosophy in Counselor Education and Supervision (PhD)

Chair

Lynn Bohecker

Keywords

autism spectrum disorder, borderline personality disorder, sexual and gender minorities, minority stress phenomenology, identity

Disciplines

Social and Behavioral Sciences

Abstract

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the lived experiences of sexual and/or gender minority young adults with autism spectrum disorder traits and borderline personality disorder features in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Guided by the Minority Stress Model, this study explored how distal and proximal stressors influence mental health, relational functioning, identity formation, and coping processes within this population. Moustakas’ modification of van Kaam’s transcendental phenomenological method guided data coding and analysis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants who met the inclusion criteria. Data analysis followed established phenomenological procedures, including horizontalization and development of textural and structural descriptions to arrive at the composite essence of the participants’ experiences. Findings revealed themes related to identity exploration, identity expression, minority stress, mental health and coping mechanisms, community and support systems, and queer culture and dating experiences. Results underscored the multidimensional and evolving nature of identity exploration, formation, and expression. Identity functioned not as a static label or diagnostic marker, but as a dynamic construction continuously negotiated within relationships, broader cultural narratives, and the layered realities of minority stress.

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