Date

11-13-2025

Department

School of Behavioral Sciences

Degree

Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology (PhD)

Chair

Jerry Green

Keywords

goal orientation, productivity, entrepreneurship, parenting, work-family enrichment, Family Systems Theory, self-employment

Disciplines

Psychology

Abstract

This quantitative study explored the relationship between parenting status and goal orientation and productivity among self-employed entrepreneurs. Using a sample of 471 participants, the study compared entrepreneurs with and without children under five years of age living at home to examine group differences, relational patterns, and potential moderation effects. No statistically significant differences were found in goal orientation or productivity between parents and non-parents, indicating that early-stage parenting does not inherently hinder these traits. However, a small but statistically significant positive correlation was observed between goal orientation and productivity, suggesting that individuals with higher internal motivation reported slightly greater productivity, regardless of parenting status. The final analysis found that parenting status did not moderate this relationship. These findings provide empirical support for the independence of intrinsic motivation from external role constraints and give a new perspective on work-family dynamics through the lens of Family Systems Theory and Work-Family Enrichment Theory. The study aligns with vocational teachings of the Bible that view family and work not in opposition, but as integrated callings. This research adds to the growing conversation about how entrepreneurs navigate dual roles and suggests that parenting may coexist with professional ambition without diminishing productivity or purpose.

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