Publication Date

5-2026

School

College of Arts and Sciences; Helms School of Government

Major

Government: Pre-Law; History

Keywords

Nazi Germany, German Protestant Church, Church-state relations, Martin Niemoller, Karl Barth, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Confessing Church, German Christian Movement, Holocaust, dissent, persecution

Disciplines

Christianity | European History | History of Christianity | History of Religion | Holocaust and Genocide Studies | Legal | Military History | Political History | Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion

Abstract

This research examines Protestant churches in Nazi Germany and their varied reactions to Hitler’s Third Reich, tracing the Nazi rise to power, the Kirchenkampf (Church Struggle), the Confessing Church’s resistance, and figures like Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Martin Niemoller, and Karl Barth. Hitler campaigned on a platform purporting to support religious freedom, but the state-sponsored persecution of Christian churches later revealed such promises as a facade. The Kirchenkampf exemplifies the reactions of Protestant German churches to Hitler’s rule: The German Christian Movement (GCM) endorsed Hitler’s radical racial theories, while the Confessing Church confronted the unbiblical rhetoric used by the GCM.

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